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Auctions and classified marketplace since 1995., Page 2 PCR Sprint User Instruction Manual ThermoHybaid - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), text file (.txt) or read online for free. Alta calidad al mejor precio. Methods in Molecular Biology - Pcr Protocols - Free ebook download as PDF File (.pdf), text file (.txt) or read book online for free.Auctions and classified marketplace since 1995., Page 2 PCR Sprint User Instruction Manual ThermoHybaid - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), text file (.txt) or read online for free. Methods in Molecular Biology - Pcr Protocols - Free ebook download as PDF File (.pdf), text file (.txt) or read book online for free. Page Count: 92 The running roy alty component of that license may be purchased from Perkin-Elmer or obtained by purchasing Authorized Reagents. This instrument is also an Authorized Thermal Cy cler for use with applic ations’ license s available from Perk in-Elmer. I ts use with Authorized Reagents also provides a limited PCR license in accordance with the label rights accompany ing such reagents. Purchase of this product does not itself convey to the purchaser a complete license or right to perform t he PCR process. Furt her information on purchasing licenses to practice the PCR process may be obtained by contacting the Director of Licensing at The Perkin-Elmer Corporation, 850 L incoln Centre Drive, Foster City, California 94404, USA. Perkin-Elme r does not gua rantee the perfor mance of this instru ment. No liability is accepted for loss or damage arising from the incor rect use of the PCR Express Tempe rature Cy cling sy stem. Thermo Hy baid's liability is limited to the repair or replacement of the unit or refund of the purchase price at Thermo Hy baid's option. http://rbsten-tel.com/images/blog_images/digital-camera-with-manual-adjustments-for-aperture-u0026-shutter.xml hybaid touchdown manual, hybaid touchdown manual transmission, hybaid touchdown manual pdf, hybaid touchdown manual free, hybaid touchdown manually. Thermo Hybaid is not liable for any consequential damages. The tube thermistor assembly supplied with your PCR Express unit is guaranteed for 90 day s. Thermo Hy baid reserves the rig ht to alter the specification of the PCR Ex press without prior notice. This will enable us to implement developments as soon as they arise. The Thermo Hy baid PCR Ex press is for research use only. Read the Instru ction Manu al careful ly before u sing the PCR Express to ensure that you obtain th e best possible resu lts from the machine. NB: The P CR Express should only be used by suit ably qualified and traine d people. If the PCR Express is n ot used as speci fied in this Manu al, the protection provided by the equipm ent may be im paired. Each control chassis can operate one block module, which can be changed according to the needs of the sample format.The 384 Well Block Module This block accommodates 1 x OmniPlate 384 polypropy lene plate. Temperature Control Meth ods The temperature cy cling blocks for the system are of a specially coated precision-machined aluminium, ensuring the best possible fit of reaction tubes in the block. This ensures ex cellent contact between the t ubes and the block, enabling rapid and accurate heat transfer from the block to the samples. 1. Active Tube Contr ol Accurate sample temperature control in 0.2ml and 0.5ml block ty pes is achieved by Thermo Hy baid's Active Tube Control software.Heating and Cooling The PCR Express sub-ambient blocks are built to proven designs, providing an accurate and reliable the rmal cy cling sy stem. The sub-ambient aluminium block is heated and cooled by the latest in Peltier technology. With proven durability, the block modules excel in performing applications such as RAPD and Differe ntial Display, which require cy cling te mperatures c lose to ambient. http://alliedteamworkconstruction.com/nbloom/fckuploads/92-honda-civic-lx-owners-manual.xml Three additional temperature control software options are avail able to the user in t he Advanced Edit Menu: Temp erature Rampi ng, Time Increment and Temperature Increment.Under nor mal cir cumstances the temperature cyc ling times ar e very rapid, which minimises non-specific reactions. The rate of sample temperature change during temperature cy cling is controlled so that it is as fast as possible without affecting the block uniformity and accuracy. I t may be advantageous to incremen t the extension time interv al to compensa te for dete rioration of e nzy me activity in later cy cles. Alternati vely, temperature decrement s can be used, e.g. in PCR Express cycling reactions where the anneali ng temperature is decreased wit h successive cy cles. Temperature Control Every machine is calibra ted using minia ture thermistor pr obes located in tube s or attached to microscope slides. These are placed at several block positions simultaneously, ensuring the required te mperatures a nd incubation times a chieved ar e identical in a ll samples. 1.3 The Heated Lid The unique auto-adjust Heated Lid enables the running of temperature cy cling protocols without the need for paraffin or mineral oil overlay s. Such vapour barriers are normally required to pre vent e vaporation before thermal cy cling is complete. In most cases, the experimental protocol is largely unchanged when switching to an oil free format. This elevated a ir tempera ture, rela tive to the sample temperatur e, minimises eva poration so that there is no condensation of the reaction mixture as it is repeatedly heated and cooled. Opening the Lid The lid is opened by lifting the light blue catch, and pushing it back. The mechanism operates in 2 stages but through one continuous action; the first part of the action raises the heating plate within the machine, the second releases the catches at the front of the unit to raise the lid and expose the block recess. http://ninethreefox.com/?q=node/11445 Closing the Lid To close, gently lower the dark blue lid and depress the light blue catch. This action lowers the heated lid on to the samples and closes the unit, ensuring tight contact. The heig ht of the heating plate inside the He ated L id is automatically adjusted as the lid is closed. The downward pressure can be adjusted using the set switch according to whether light pressure (300g for tubes) or g reater force (3.5kg to maintain the seal on plates) is required.The heated pla te inside the lid is switched on a nd off from within the program. The lid operates once a prog ram is activated, with a heating time of ty pically 2 minutes before cy cling commences. The unit can be operated with or without the lid being switched on (the lid is automatically deactivated in units fitted with flat block modules). To minimize the r isk of electric shock, the unit must be connected to a protective earth via the supplied mains cord. 4. Replacement fuses must be of the correct rated current, voltage and type. 5. Do not operate the unit in an explosive environment. 6. Do not operate the unit if it appears to be damaged or if a liquid or foreign object has entered the enclosure. Disconnect from the mains supply and contact an authorized service centre. 7. Do not a ttempt to dismantle the unit. To avoid the risk of pe rsonal injury and to ensure that the safety features of this unit are maintained, servicing should only be carried out by authorized service personnel. 8. The tops of the reaction vessel s and the surfaces of th e Heated Lid assemb ly (in part icular the inner surfaces) can become very hot during normal operation. Touching the surfaces can cause burns. Do not touch the heated plate without safety gloves. 9. When positioning the unit ensure that the re is no restric tion to the power inlet. Use g loves when interchanging blocks if the unit has been used recentl y. 11. This product is fitted with RFI suppression circuitry. http://alroglobal.com/images/bt-4-delta-elite-manual.pdf Testing of the electrical insulation should only be carried out using a DC voltage. For more information please contact Thermo Hy baid. I I ndicates the ON position of the main power switch. O I ndicates the OFF position of the main power switch. Consult the m anual for further informati on. Consulter les documents d’accompagnement. WARNING: I ndicates a heating hazard. Proceed wit h caution to avoid burn injury. ATTENTION: Surface chaude. SAFETY NOTE: This sy mbol indicates high voltage. Risk of electric shock. AVERTISSEMEN T: Risque de choc electrique. I n addition, the following conventions are adopted in the manual in respect of indicating safety hazard: SAFETY NOTE: indicat es a potent ially hazardous situation, whic h could re sult in death or serious injury. WARNING: indicates a potentially hazard ous situation, w hich could resu lt in minor or moderate injury to th e user or damage to the instru ment. Thermo Hybaid cannot accept responsibility for any damage incurred if the unit is incorrectly packed and transported. 3.2 Packing List 1. PCR Express Control Chassis 2. PCR Express Block Module 3. User I nstruction Manual 4. Mains Lead 5. Control Thermistor Probe (0.2ml and 0.5ml gradient and standard block modules) 6. Control Thermistor Probe Extension L ead (0.2ml and 0.5ml gradient and standard block modules) 7. Specific C onsumable Pack 8. RS232 Lead 9. Self Adhesive Unit I dentity Label NB: The In Situ Flat Block Module includes a humidity chamber. Ensure any padding between the plate inside the Heated Lid and the block is removed before using the instru ment. Allow 15cm of clearance at t he back of the unit. The ai r intake is l ocated underneath and air is expelled out of the back of the unit. Care should be taken not to obstruct the vent underneath the unit with, for example, loose Benchcote or sheets of paper. The unit must not be covered during operation. 3. https://opalsolar.com.au/wp-content/plugins/formcraft/file-upload/server/content/files/1629232ca7c7db---94-civic-manual-steering-rack.pdf All PCR Express instruments should be placed on a stable and level surface, out of direct sunlight and away from strong currents of hot or cold air. These specifications have been calculated for operations at between 0 and 2000m altitudes. However, when removed to room temperature the instrument should be allowed to equilibrate for at least two hours before being switched on. I f equilibration is not done, condensation may form within the unit and cause a short circuit. A H 11 2 This procedure need only be followed once a week. This can be by -passed by pressing the CONTINUE key when the initialisation scre en is visible. (c) The self-test r outine chec ks the block thermistor, heating a nd cooling cir cuits and the heated lid. The Main Menu display s the date, time and the status of the block (active, inactive, interrupted or active resumed). All aspects of the programming are accessed throug h the Main Menu. Table 4.1 Summary of Main Menu Functions RUN Select RUN to run an ex isting program. MA N Select MA N to run a m anual static incubation. PROG Select PROG to edit, copy, view or erase a program. OPTS Select SET UP to alter the tim e, date, and power resum e function and dis play brightness s ettings and to identify software vers ion fitted. Select CALC to access the gradient calc ulator sof tware (only relevant to gradient protocols). CONTINUE KEY - Used to progres s fr om “ hold”, “pause” or “self tes t” instruc tions. - Also used to acc ess advanced edit f unctions. PAUSE KEY - Pauses a c y cling program at cur rent step. These functions are discussed fully in the following chapters. 4.4 Set Up Functions Selecting SETUP at the Main Menu and pressing ENTER g ives access to the SETUP menu. The SETUP menu also display s the current software version. Clock The time and date format of the c lock display can be modified. To set the c lock or alter the format, select CLOCK from the SETUP menu and press ENTER. Press ENTER to retur n to the Main Menu. www.dsnjl.com/userfiles/files/canon-ir1022if-fax-manual.pdf Select POWER from the SETUP menu and press ENTER. The ABANDON or RESUME options can be selected using the I key. Press ENTER to retur n to the Main Menu. Prior to starting the prog ram, pressing the MENU key a t any stage, will retur n to the Main Menu. More details can be found in Chapter 6. 4.6 Manual Operation This option is used for static incubations when thermal cycling is not required, e.g. hot start protocols, probe denaturations, enz y me reactions. In this mode the unit will operate under block control (see Chapter 5 for details). The count-up timer will start when the block reaches temperature. The screen display s the set temperature and actual temperature of the block tog ether with the e lapsed time. This may vary under different power conditions). Condensation may be experien ced if samples are load ed befo re the lid i s at operating temperature. 6. Press STOP twice to cancel the manual prog ram. 7. Press CONTINUE to change the set t emperature. (See Figure 4.1 on the following page) Press MENU to access the Main Menu screen. Use the arrow key s to move the cursor to PROG, and then press ENTER to access the Program Menu. I f at any time y ou wish to stop programming, press MENU to return to the Main Menu. Four options are available for programming: 1. EDIT: To a lter the de tails of an EXISTIN G prog ram or to c reate a completely NEW program. Note that if NEW is used, it will automatically move to the next available program numbe r. 2. COPY: Use the screen prompts to copy between programs stored on the PCR Express. 3. VIEW: To check the details of a previously stored program. 4. ERASE: To erase the details of a progr am, setting the parame ters to zero. These are discussed in detail in Cha pter 5. 4.8 Loading Sam ples and Heated Lid Operation The PCR Express will produce identical cy cling profiles whether 1 or 96 samples are to be analy sed.No adjustment is necessary to compensate for different height consumables. https://cashofferoregon.com/wp-content/plugins/formcraft/file-upload/server/content/files/1629232d2347dc---94-chevy-silverado-service-manual.pdf Set Swit ch The Set Switch allows se lection betwee n a higher and a lower pr essure setting.Programs are identified by a number (01-99) and a user defined name (up to 7 characters). Each program protocol ty pe may then assign to a directory, enabling you to g roup programs by user name. To enter a new program y ou simply i) Create a new direct ory ii) Name a program iii) Enter protoc ol paramete rs iv) Save the program 5.2 Directories There are five directories A-E which can be individually named. The six th directory, F is reserved for pre-set programs. Directories can also be erased and renamed as required. Once assigned to a directory, a program can be copied to another program space in either the same or a different directory. Creating a New Directory 1. F rom the Main Menu select PROG and ENTER 2. Select EDIT and ENTER 3. Select NEW and ENTER Press ENTER only when the name i s complete. The PCR Express allows y ou to program up to 10 separate stages each with up to 10 separate steps.You are now able to enter the name of the user or protocol, using the I and.I f no characte rs are ente red, the defa ult NO NAME will be entere d. Note: If there are no fre e program spaces the PCR Expre ss will prompt you to overwrite an existing program. v v v v The ENTER key can also be used to move to the next step of the protocol. Note: The arrow key s can be used to scroll backward or forward t o correct a mist ake. The progr am will not allow y ou to advance to step 2 until a valid temperature and time have been entered. Continue to enter the remaining times and temperatures of this stage. I f none are required at the stage of the protocol, press ENTER (leaving each parameter at 0:0) unt il y ou access the number of cy cle’s screen. N E W A: 0 5 P C R 6 0 C S T A G E N U M B E R 0 1 N U M B E R O F C Y C L E S 0 1 H O L D T E M P 0 0. 0 (8) Enter the number cy cles for this stage using the alphanumeric key s. A hold step can also be programmed after each stage. https://mfplus.ba/wp-content/plugins/formcraft/file-upload/server/content/files/1629232df72997---94-chevy-suburban-shop-manual.pdf I f a hold step is not required, press ENTER to reach the next stage.Enter a hold temperature if required. Press ENTER to g o to the nex t stage.Press ENTER. v v v v N E W A: 0 5 P C R 6 0 C S T A G E N U M B E R 0 2 N U M B E R O F C Y C L E S 0 1 H O L D T E M P 0 0. 0 (13) Enter the number of cy cles. Enter a hold temperature if required. If a hold temperature is not entered the instrument will cool to room te mperature onc e the protocol is f inished. Press ENTER to access the SAVE screen. Press ENTER to proceed. Time and temperature parameters can be altered using the numerical key s as required. Press ENTER to proceed to the nex t stage.Press ENTER with each parameter at z ero to access the save screen.To do this select COP Y from the Program Menu and press EN TER. Enter the directory (using I and I to select) and number of the source program (or use I and.Enter the directory and number of the targ et prog ram (or sc roll using I and ? ) to locate a target program space. Press ENTER to copy the program. Note that any existing prog ram data in the target prog ram space will be overwritten. 5.8 Erasing a Program Programs can be erased to vacate program space for future use. From the Program Menu, select ERASE and press ENTER. Enter the directory (using I and I to select) and number of the program to be erased (or scroll using I and ? ) and press ENTER to erase the program. Confirm erasure of the program by pressing STOP as prompted or MENU to keep the prog ram. 5.9 Advanced Edit Features If Advanced Edit data already exist s for any step - is indicated on t he screen. Enter and change Advanced Edit parameters using the number, arrow and ENTER key s. The Advanced Edit feature can also be accessed from the normal EDIT program menu options if Advanced Edit parameters are to be added to an Existing program. I f desired, the Advanced Edit feature can be deleted for the current step. To do this, set all the paramete rs back to ze ro. www.drussoarts.com/userfiles/files/canon-ir1022-manual-download.pdf Time increment s can be used for exampl e in high cycle number reaction s to allow longer for enzyme action with successive cy cles.Enter the amount by which the set point time per cy cle should change (min:sec) using the number key s. (E.g. an increase of 5 sec per cycle).Tem perature Advanced Edit Worked Exam ple Temperature decrement s can be used (for ex ample in tou chdow n cycling reacti ons) where the annealing temperat ure is decreased with successi ve cy cl es.Move through the screen until y ou reach the TEMP field usin g the v v v v key.The data entered r efers to the ramp rate to the CURRENT step from the PREVI OUS temperature set point.I f y ou are unsure whether these adjustments have been made to y our PCR Ex press chassis, please contact y our local Thermo Hy baid office. For customers who have purch ased a PCR Express after 1 December 1998, all PCR Express chassis have been modified and are gradient compatible. The Gradient feature is also accessed through the Advanced Edit function. Simply press the CONTI NUE key from the annealing step in the main programming menu to access the Advanced Edit screen. This ex isting program should be edited by returning to the MAI N MENU and using P ROG-ED IT-EXISTING to check that all steps (including other advanced edit functions) are re-entered as required. You must enter a time value as well in order to access the Gradient function in the Advanced Edit screen. Press C ONTI NUE to access the Advanced Edit screen. Proceed though the programming as discussed in Figure 5.2. Invalid Gradient Parameters G R A D I E N T C A L C U L A T I O N C 1: 4 5. 4 C 4: 4 7. 7 C 2: 4 5. 8 C 5: 4 9. 4 C 3: 4 6. 4 C 6: 5 1. 4 G R A D I E N T C A L C U L A T I O N C 7: 5 3. 3 C 1 0: 5 9. 0 C 8: 5 5. 3 C 1 1: 5 9. 7 C 9: 5 7. 6 C 1 2: 6 0. 2 4. The well temperatures are display ed in sequence, on t wo screens. Press ENTER to return to the ma in menu. I f MANUAL start is selected press ENTER to commence cy cling. I f AUTO start is sele cted then it will sta rt automatica lly. This allows the user to monitor the performance of the PCR Express and to determine the time of the end of the program. These can be accessed by pressing the I and.These screens can be accessed from the Main Menu by pressing t he BLOCK key. Screen 2 R U N N I N G A: 0 2 H Y B A I D S T A G E 0 1 S T E P 0 2 C Y C L E 1 1.Error Screen s A number of error screens may be displayed if a fault has been detected in the unit. Contact the Ther mo Hy baid Service Depa rtment or y our local supplier for advice before a ttempting to use the instrument furt her. 6.4 Temperature Control Options Crucial to the accurate operation of a thermal cy cler is an understanding of the temperature control methodology. A volume of mineral oil equivalent to the total volume in the reaction tubes (including any oil overlay ) must be present in the control tube (do not use aqueous sol utions with the con trol tube thermistor). The ther mistor ac ts as a simple mimic, monitoring the sample temperature s as it chang es during cy cling, f eeding ba ck this information to the PCR Express processor.With block control, either on the PCR Express or a thermal cycler without tube control, there will be a lag between the block reaching targ et temperature and the sample reaching target temperature. Thus when transferring protocols from a block control machine the incubation times may be reduce d by up to 50, and in some cases the temperatur es adjusted slightly. For Tube Control reac tions, chec k that the tube thermistor is connec ted and locate d in the block (the tube the rmistor should be placed in position A2). When y ou receive y our unit, the thermistor is mounted in a HB-TC-3372 tube for 0.2ml blocks or a HB-TC-3505 tube for 0.5ml blocks. NB: Do not disc onnect a tube thermistor whe n a progr am utilising tube c ontrol is in progr ess. I f this does occur, the prog ram will be abandoned and an error message will be display ed. NB: Tube thermistors from TouchDown, OmniGene and Omn-E instruments are not compatible and CANNOT be used with PCR Ex press thermal cy clers. Extension Lead for the Tube The rm istor The PCR Express is provided with an extension lead for the thermistor. This should only be used for transferring protocols from instruments that cannot use Active Tube Control. See Section 7.1 for further details. Simulate d Tube Cont rol (SIM TU BE) This temperature control method uses an alg orithm similar to tube control. However, with simulated tube contr ol, the block temper ature over heat char acteristic which is used to eliminate the sa mple tempera ture lag is based on calculate d values, rather than the temperature monitored by the tube thermistor. Similar consider ations apply when transferr ing protocols f rom a block control machine as discussed above, and the extension lead can again be used. The use of 96 well plates on the 0.5ml block should be treated with caution. The OmniPlate 96 can and has been used successfully on the 0.5ml bloc k. However, the fit is not optima l, and as a result there is a significant air gap between the pl ate and t he block itself and the volume factor should be used to compensate. We recommend initially using a volume factor equal to 10 x reaction volume, but further optimisation may be necessary. The performance of t he In Situ module has been measured using miniature thermistor probes attached to the surface of slides. Optimum results in terms of overshoot and uniformity across four standard glass microscope slides (0.8mm-1.0mm thickness) with the hum idity chamber in place, have been obt ained using a calibration factor of 200 (the default value). Using a hig her calibration accelerates the approach to target temperature but results in some degree of overshoot. Conversely, a lower calibration fact or slows the approach to target temp erature. Block Contr ol Controls block temperature as on a conventional dry block machine. We do not recommend this mean s of control f or ther mal cy cling due to the va riability in thermal profile obta ined with different sample volumes and consumable ty pes. 6.5 Heated Lid Preheat Once a program and block have been selected, (and calibration factors entered where appropriate) the program will proceed according to the setup conditions as outlined below. The heated lid ty pically takes around 2 minutes to reach operating temperature. Touching the surfaces can ca use burns. Do not touch the heated plat e without safety gloves. Heated Lid - Automatic Start This should be selected for robust cy cling reactions, where the reactants can withstand being incubated for the duration of the preheat (about 2 minutes) without the generation of spurious products. I n this mode, samples should be loaded and the lid closed befor e starting the preheat. An alarm will sound (if activated) and the ENTER key will need to be pressed to sta rt tempera ture cy cling. I n this mode, samples should be mixed, loaded and the lid closed after the preheat is comple ted. I f, after 90 minutes, the ENTER key has not been pressed to start a program, the lid will switch off and the block will return to the idle condition. The samples will be held at this set temperature indefinitely. The screen will display HOL D during a run. If a “Hold” is inserted between stages, the program can be advanced to the next stage by pressing CONTINUE. If a “Hold” is inserted at t he last stage, pressing CONTINUE will switch to the run summa ry screen.Pressing the STOP key once will display a verifica tion screen (the progra m continues while this is display ed). Pressing STOP ag ain aborts the program. Pressing MENU display s the Main Menu and continues the program. 6.8 Program Com pletion At the end of the prog ram the END OF RUN screen will be displa y ed. I n this case, the heated lid will be switched off automatically. I f a final HOL D temperature has bee n specified, the hea ted lid (if selec ted) will remain on. For m ost thermal cycling applications a final HOLD at elevated temperature is not necessary. Extended high temperature hold steps can lead to evaporation and condensation pr oblem s, particular ly with polycarbonate plates. Too much oil in the control tube will result in overshoots in the sample tube temperatures, whilst too little oil there will result in a time lag in the samples achieving temperature. The volume of oil in the control tube should match that in the reaction tubes, (including any oil overlay). Repeated overshoots at the denaturation te mperature during tempe rature c y cling, will reduce the activity of the thermostable enzy me resulting in poor y ields of product. The correct position for the control tube is position A2. Check locati on of thermistor w ithin the control tub e Alway s ensure the thermistor pr obe is located c entrally in the control tube and imme rsed in the liquid. I f pushed against the side it will be measuring the tempera ture of the microcentr ifuge tube and not the sample temperature. Check the f it of th e tube in the block The PCR Express block accom modates most types of reaction tubes. The tube thermistor supplied with the PCR Ex press is mounted on an OmniTube, which should be changed periodically, as the fit of the tube will deteriorate with time. Reaction tubes should be distributed evenly in the block. If y ou are using a reaction tube that has not been recommended, check its fit in the PCR Express block before use. You should also remount the thermistor probe in this tube to ensure tha t y our samples and the control tube a re matche d. Check throu gh the program Before running a prog ram, use the VI EW function to check that the correct combination of temperature and program number have been entered. This accommodates the non-optimal fit of the OmniPlate 96 in the 0.5ml block. Other 96 well plates, for example the Costar ThermowellH, may be used with lower multiples of volume, but the se need to be individua lly determined. 384 well blocks For 384 well blocks the individual well volume should be used for the volume factor 3. Simulate d Slide For 0.8mm - 1mm thick glass slide s using simulated slide control, the c alibration fa ctor is 200 (default va lue), other thic knesses will nee d optimization. Ch ec k ma xi mum a n d mi n imu m values achieved during the run. This will give an indication of unusual temperature performance. Power fai lure duri ng a run A messag e will appear on the main menu scr een. The mac hine will either resta rt automatically when power is restored, or the program will be abandoned, as specified by the user on the SET Even though tube control gives a more accurate representation of the program, transferring such a protocol directly could result in lower y ields because the enzy me is exposed to the high tempe rature f or signif icantly longer, thus re ducing its activity in later cycles.Denaturation The denaturation step at each cy cle must be sufficient to denature the t arget DNA completely, including G-C rich regions. However, the effect on the enzyme activity of repeat ed high temperature incubations should also be considered. Annealing The annealing temperature depends on the size and nucleotide composition of the oligonucleotides used.We therefore do not recommend the use of 35 S labels, as replacing a dangerously contaminated block is expensive.Thermo Hybaid recomm ends that if radioisotopes are to b e used, equ ipment must be located in a designated Radiation Area. Local Radiation Safety procedur es m ust be followed at all time s. The us e of 35 S lab elled nu cleotides is n ot covered und er our warran ty agreement and requ ires special servi ce arrangements. 8.3 Protection to the User The PCR Express has been designed with operation safety in mind.